At a minimum, references to journal articles must include the author of the article, the year of publication, the title of the article, the title of the journal, the volume, the page numbers, and the source if other than paper. They may or may not need an issue number, depending on how the journal is paginated.
Author names should be listed in the same sequence as the published article, last name first. Article titles are sentence-capped, not italicized, and not surrounded by quote marks. Journal titles are initial-capped and italicized. Volume number is italicized. Issue number may or may not be required (see Issue Numbers), but if it is, it belongs in parentheses immediately following the volume number, and neither the parentheses nor the issue number is italicized. Page range must be included after the issue number or volume number, not italicized and not preceded by “pp.”
Smith, P. B., & Jones, R. Q. (2004). Title of article. Journal of Important Trade Topic, 9, 395-399. doi: XXXX.XX/XXXXXXXalbcXXXX
Issue Numbers and Months or Seasons
Journals can either be paginated by volume, in which case each issue does NOT begin with p. 1, or, in surprisingly few cases, by issue, in which case each issue DOES begin with p. 1. If the journal is paginated by issue, you MUST include an issue number. The issue number is Unless the journal is paginated by issue OR the issue is a supplement or special issue (which means the page numbers would not be continuous with the rest of the journal), do NOT include an issue number.
Jones, R. Q., & Smith, P. B. (2005). Title of article. Journal of Another Important Trade Topic, 3(7), 4-12. doi: XXXX.XX/XXXXXXXalbcXXXX
Do not include a month or season if the journal uses issue numbers.
Electronic Sources What’s a DOI??
A DOI is a digital object identifier. Think of it as a journal article’s fingerprint. Most, but not all, online journals attach a DOI to each article. If a journal article included in your reference list has a DOI, that number must be included in the reference. If there is no DOI, you must cite the URL or name of the commercial database from which that article was accessed or downloaded. If the entry concludes with a DOI or URL, it does NOT have a period at the end of the entry.
When to Use “Retrieved on” Dates
If you retrieved information from an electronic journal, that document probably has a publication date (the month and year of the issue); once published, it is unlikely to change or become unavailable. If you retrieved information from a web site, however, odds are much greater that the web site will update its pages or disappear in its entirety. For this reason, retrieved information without a readily identifiable publication date must include a “retrieved on” date. It’s a good idea, before you submit your final manuscript, to make certain the information is still available (preferably from the same URL cited) and still matches that which you retrieved. If the site from which you retrieved the information has changed, be sure to update the URL. If the information is no longer available online, consider removing this reference completely, since it cannot be verified.
About the Author
Nancy Rosenbaum is an APA style expert who specializes in proofreading, fact-checking, copyediting, substantive stylistic editing, and formatting. One important component of content editing is accuracy; Nancy double-checks online texts to ensure completeness and accuracy of direct quotations (wording, punctuation) and publication details (title, publisher, date, page), as well as mirroring of parenthetical references to complete entries in the references section. Nancy takes the worry out of formatting by creating and applying styles to headings and subheadings, allowing her to create automated tables of contents that are readily updated if the document’s contents change. She also automatically numbers table and figure captions to generate readily updated lists of figures and lists of tables. Finally, Nancy corrects section/page breaks to ensure page numbering follows APA or university-specific schemes.
Nancy’s foundation in writing and editing is based on a bachelor’s degree in English Literature from Mt. Holyoke College and more than 20 years of experience crafting technical and business communications. She has easily transitioned those skills from the commercial arena to work with students and professionals in a wide range of academic disciplines, demonstrating a unique talent for eliminating extraneous text, synthesizing concepts, and exceeding clients’ expectations. Her work includes extensive editing for non-native English writers preparing personal statements, undergraduate class papers, theses, and dissertations (proposal through final). Nancy not only edits but explains the corrections to help her clients improve their language and writing skills.
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